In a finance class on investments, I initiate a fund management simulation exercise using an initial virtual fund of ₱5 million. Students are asked to build a portfolio and track its growth or decline at the end of the semester. The group is assessed on how they set goals, develop strategies, select the most appropriate investment outlets (stocks or bonds), and handle risks.

A primary lesson of the exercise is the realization that investment management can be viewed through two distinct lenses: as a precise science rooted in quantitative analysis and as a subjective art that relies on judgment, intuition, and experience. This duality reflects the complex and dynamic nature of financial markets.

According to Laurence Siegel of the CFA Institute Research Foundation, the basics of investment finance can be distilled to about eight ideas: time value of money, discounted cash flow (DCF) analysis, bond math and duration, the no-arbitrage condition, market efficiency, portfolio efficiency and optimization, the capital asset pricing model (CAPM) and market model (alpha and beta), and option pricing.

The scientific aspect of investment management relies on established financial theories and quantitative models. Core principles provide structured frameworks for assessing risk, return, and asset allocation. These models emphasize the importance of diversification, market efficiency, and the trade-off between risk and reward.

Fundamental analysis involves evaluating a company’s financial health and intrinsic value by examining factors such as earnings, cash flows, and growth prospects. DCF analysis, for example, allows investors to estimate the present value of future cash flows, offering a rigorous way to determine whether an asset is overvalued or undervalued.

Technical analysis also embodies the scientific mindset by using statistical patterns and historical data to predict future price movements. The availability of large data sets and advanced computational tools enhances the scientific dimension of investment management, enabling the use of machine learning and algorithmic trading strategies.

Scientific models, however, are often limited by their assumptions and inability to account for the unpredictability of human behavior and macroeconomic shocks. This is where the art of investment management becomes critical. Successful investors like Warren Buffett emphasize qualitative factors—such as corporate governance, industry dynamics, and consumer behavior—that are difficult to quantify but profoundly influence long-term returns.

The art involves intuition, creativity, and the ability to navigate uncertainty. For instance, understanding market sentiment and behavioral biases is an essential skill that cannot be fully captured by quantitative models. Behavioral finance, which studies how psychological factors impact investor decisions, highlights the ways in which irrational behavior—such as overconfidence or herd mentality—can drive asset prices away from their fundamental values.

In addition, the ability to interpret ambiguous information, foresee emerging trends, and exercise sound judgment under pressure reflects the artistry of investment management. Legendary investors often attribute their success to qualities that cannot be taught in textbooks: patience, discipline, and an instinct for identifying unique opportunities.

In the student exercise, investing in unconventional assets like Bitcoin is discouraged. Unlike equities, which are tied to corporate earnings, or bonds, which produce fixed cash flows, Bitcoin does not generate cash flows, dividends, or intrinsic returns. As a result, traditional valuation methods like DCF analysis are difficult to apply.

Some elements of fundamental analysis can still be adapted. The concept of supply and demand is crucial in determining Bitcoin’s price. Scarcity underpins the argument for Bitcoin as a desirable commodity. The stock-to-flow model, which compares the existing Bitcoin supply to the rate at which new coins are mined, draws parallels to precious metals valuation.

Metrics like the number of active addresses, transaction volume, and the growth of institutional investment can indicate the level of demand and future price potential. The application of technical analysis, including trendlines and moving averages, has become prevalent in assessing Bitcoin’s short-term price movements.

Yet, much of Bitcoin’s value remains subjective and rooted in narratives about its future utility and status as a hedge against inflation or currency debasement. This reflects the artistic side of investment management, where understanding the cultural and psychological dimensions of an asset is as important as applying technical models.

Investment managers must integrate both scientific rigor and artistic intuition. Quantitative models provide a systematic foundation for evaluating risk and return, but these models must be complemented by a flexible, adaptive mindset that accounts for market anomalies and human behavior. For instance, quantitative models may guide initial screening and risk assessment, while qualitative judgment informs final decision-making and strategic adjustments. The ability to interpret ambiguous information and anticipate paradigm shifts requires an artistic sensibility that no algorithm can fully replicate.

Investment management cannot be neatly confined to either science or art—it is a hybrid discipline that draws upon both empirical analysis and human judgment. While the science of finance provides essential tools for evaluating assets and managing risk, the art of investing involves the intuitive capacity to interpret market dynamics and navigate uncertainty.

The simulation exercise brings out the reality that understanding valuation models and quantitative analysis is not enough. Ultimately, mastering investment management requires both the disciplined study of quantitative methods and the experiential wisdom to apply them in a real world shaped by complexity and change.

(Benel Dela Paz Lagua was previously EVP and Chief Development Officer at the Development Bank of the Philippines. He is an active FINEX member and an advocate of risk-based lending for SMEs. Today, he is an independent director in progressive banks and in some NGOs. The views expressed herein are his own and do not necessarily reflect the opinion of his office as well as FINEX.)