The Department of Science and Technology – Food and Nutrition Research Institute (DOST-FNRI) listed rice, vegetables, and meat as the top three most wasted foods among Filipino households. According to DOST-FNRI, this was based on the study they conducted called “Does plate waste matter?: A two-stage cluster survey to assess the household plate waste in the Philippines”. The factors attributed to rice, vegetables, and meat plate wastage are larger household meal portion size, a greater number of household members, and higher wealth status. This study, which used the data from 20,151 Filipino households who participated in the 2018 Expanded National Nutrition Survey (ENNS), also found that households with the highest rice consumption were more likely to have rice wastage compared to households with the lowest consumption. "It appears that there are more foods wasted in households with five or more members, and those residing in rural areas. Rice wastage is also more common in households with a household head whose age ranges from 50–69 years old than those with a younger household head," the agency said. On the other hand, households with the highest vegetable consumption were more likely to waste vegetables compared to those with the lowest consumption. This implies that households incur more waste when higher quantities are purchased, which most probably are not consumed and end up being thrown away due to spoilage. Households composed of five or fewer members were found to have greater chances of wasting vegetables, which mirrors the results of a previous study that found that larger households were more efficient in meal consumption. On the contrary, fish, meat, and poultry plate waste were less likely in households with less than or equal to five members than in households with more than five members. Households belonging to the richest quintile were found to have greater plate waste compared to the poorest quintile. Past studies exhibited the same, where higher-income households were found to waste more food than lower-income households. This may be explained that higher-income households consume diets that tend to include more perishable items. Some of the waste can be explained by food spoiling before the household had a chance to eat it. In the country, plate waste is closely linked to hunger incidence and threatened food security. The Global Hunger Index of 2018 scored the Philippines 69 of 119 countries, with a serious level of hunger incidence. “Millions of Filipinos under poverty and experiencing food insecurity are struggling to be fed, and the food that is simply thrown away or discarded might actually be enough to feed them,” Dr. Imelda Angeles Agdeppa, lead researcher, Director IV and Scientist IV of DOST-FNRI, said. Plate waste also generally emits a portion of the total global greenhouse gas emissions that impact global warming. Adgeppa cited that the results reinforce the need for new strategies to focus on reducing plate waste, which is beneficial from a nutritional, economic, and environmental point of view. The study suggests that a more effective strategy for reducing food waste may be to train people to prepare and select less food (portion and meal size reduction) and to formulate more policies tackling waste-reduction programs. Agdeppa emphasized that both public and private sectors have a role to play to address global food shortages and food waste considering that more people are getting hungry globally despite the availability of food sufficient for everyone. The ENNS is a cross-sectional, population-based survey that characterizes the health and nutritional status of the Filipino population which was conducted by the DOST-FNRI from February – December 2018.