By HONEY REYES

The K-12 program, which was implemented in 2013 in the Philippines, aimed to align the country’s education system with global standards and improve the quality of education. Over a decade later, however, the debate over its effectiveness and necessity continues, especially in a country facing financial constraints. 

Before the transition to the K-12 educational curriculum, basic education in the Philippines consisted of 10 years of study: six years in elementary education and four years in secondary education. The disparity between the Philippines’ basic education system and that of other countries, which typically adopt at least 12 years of primary education, can be attributed to various political, social, and economic pressures that have influenced the Philippine environment since the Spanish colonization and the American occupation.

Pros 

1. Global competitiveness: K-12 graduates with an internationally recognized education are better equipped to compete in the global job market, potentially leading to higher-paying jobs abroad. 

2. Enhanced skills: The additional two years in K-12 allow students to deepen their understanding of subjects and develop critical thinking and practical skills. 

3. College readiness: Proponents argue that K-12 graduates are better prepared for college, which could lead to higher success rates.

Cons

1. Financial burden: The additional two years of schooling impose a significant financial burden on families, especially those living below the poverty line, due to costs such as tuition, books, uniforms, and transportation. 

2. Drop-out rates: The added expenses have led to increased drop-out rates, particularly among students from low-income families, undermining the program’s intended benefits. 

3. Curriculum concerns: Critics argue that the curriculum needs further refinement and may not adequately prepare students for the workforce. 

The Philippines’ basic education system faces several challenges, including many out-of-school children. This issue is related to psychological, health, and economic factors. According to a report, 36 percent and 44.1 percent of students cited “lack of personal interest” as a reason for not attending primary and secondary school, respectively. Additionally, 34.7 percent and 12.4 percent of students reported “illness or disability” as a reason for primary and secondary school nonattendance, and 14.1 percent and 29.4 percent reported “high cost of education” as a reason for primary and secondary school non-attendance, respectively. Given the crucial role of primary education in developing a skilled workforce, the literature suggests that the government needs a comprehensive strategy to address the declining school attendance rates.

The way forward

The impact of the K-12 program is undeniable, but its implementation needs to consider the socio-economic realities of Filipino families. Addressing the financial barriers preventing students from completing the program is crucial.

Government initiatives such as scholarships, subsidies, and expanded financial aid programs can help alleviate families’ financial burdens. Additionally, enhancing the curriculum to ensure it meets the needs of the 21st-century workforce is essential. Providing additional support systems such as tutoring and counseling can help students navigate the challenges of the extra years of schooling.

K-12 and mental health

Implementing the K-12 program in the Philippines has significantly changed the education landscape. While it aimed to improve academic outcomes and global competitiveness, concerns about its impact on students’ mental health have grown. Recent statistics and studies reveal a correlation between the K-12 system and increased levels of stress, anxiety, and depression among Filipino students.

Rising stress levels

A 2023 study by the Philippine Mental Health Association (PMHA) found that 44 percent of high school students reported experiencing moderate to severe levels of stress. This number has steadily increased since the full implementation of K-12 in 2016.

The extended academic years, increased workload, and pressure to perform well in standardized tests have been identified as significant contributors to this stress.

The same PMHA study revealed that 32 percent of high school students exhibit symptoms of anxiety while 21 percent show signs of depression. These figures are significantly higher compared to pre-K-12 levels.

The fear of failing, the pressure to meet academic expectations, and the lack of adequate mental health support in schools have been cited as key factors contributing to these mental health challenges.

Academic pressure and competition

The K-12 system’s emphasis on academic achievement and standardized testing has intensified student competition. This pressure to excel can lead to chronic stress, anxiety, and even burnout. The fear of falling behind or not meeting parental expectations can also affect students’ mental wellbeing.

Despite the growing concern about mental health, many schools in the Philippines lack adequate resources and support systems to address these issues. There is a shortage of guidance counselors and mental health professionals, leaving students with limited avenues to seek help and guidance. This lack of support can exacerbate existing mental health challenges and prevent early intervention.

The call to action

Addressing the mental health impact of the K-12 program requires a multifaceted approach.

Mental health education

Integrating mental health education into the curriculum can help students understand and manage their emotions, develop coping mechanisms, and seek help when needed.

Increased support services

Schools should prioritize the availability of guidance counselors, psychologists, and other mental health professionals. These professionals can provide individual and group counseling, conduct workshops, and create a supportive student environment.

Teacher training

Teachers should be equipped with the knowledge and skills to identify early signs of mental distress in their students. They can be crucial in creating a supportive classroom environment and referring students to appropriate resources.

Parental involvement

Parents should be actively involved in their children’s education and wellbeing. Open communication and understanding can help parents identify signs of distress and provide the necessary support.

Policy reforms

The government should consider policy reforms that prioritize student wellbeing alongside academic achievement. This may involve reducing the emphasis on standardized testing, promoting a more holistic approach to education, and investing in mental health resources for schools.

By addressing the mental health challenges associated with the K-12 program, the Philippines can create a healthier and more supportive learning environment for its students. This will not only improve academic outcomes but also contribute to the overall wellbeing of future generations.

While the K-12 program promises improved education and global competitiveness, its success depends on addressing the financial barriers many Filipino families face. By focusing on accessibility, affordability, and curriculum enhancement, the government can ensure that the program truly benefits all students, regardless of their socio-economic background. A comprehensive review of the K-12 program, considering feedback from students, parents, educators, and other stakeholders, is necessary to determine if the program truly serves its intended purpose and needs adjustment to better serve the needs of all Filipino learners.